Editor's note: Professor Wang Guangzu loves the cause of synthetic diamonds throughout his life. His poem "Meet the diamonds, see the love clock. Study for diamonds, die without regrets!" is his own portrayal. He has been studying for a long time, and he is still studying tirelessly. This article is a popular science article written by Wang Guangzu, who has a sense of style and has a literary color. His imagination is rich and his language is interesting. It is published as follows to readers.
The author's intention in writing this article has inspired more young experts to participate in writing interesting science articles, so that more people (including leaders) can understand our esoteric and legendary diamond industry and promote the development of China's diamond and application industries. .
Liu Jinchang, General Manager of China Superhard Materials Network August 18, 2010 Diamond - Endless and Endless Topic Zhengzhou Abrasives Grinding Research Institute Wang Guangzu Extreme and Transcendence: The material is divided into three major categories, namely hard ceramics and conductive Metals and soft plastics, however diamonds (often referred to as diamonds) are not traditional materials, and their properties are extraordinary and become the ultimate material king.
The extreme nature of diamonds has the king's demeanor, so its use has become the ultimate in materials. Diamonds not only surpass traditional materials in performance, but diamonds are the only enabler in many fields. Therefore, it can be regarded as the “transcendence of matter†that God has given to mankind.
Innocent charm: meet with diamonds, and see the clock.
Eternal recourse: research for diamonds, death without regrets!
Diamond is a rare mineral in nature. It was discovered in India as early as 3,000 BC and is an ancient crystal with mysterious legend. Through thousands of years of unremitting technical exploration and observation, people gradually realize that diamond is a valuable material that integrates many characteristics such as power, electricity, light, heat and sound. Its unique performance is so far. Know that any other material is incomparable. It is these incomparable and excellent characteristics that make it use as the material of the material and have the style of “material kingâ€.
Although thousands of years have passed away, the ancient diamond crystals are always young and prosperous, serving the boundless realm of human society. However, the application to it has so far been only a corner of the "iceberg". If the application of diamond materials can be popularized one day, it will bring the human material civilization to the peak and enter the eternal "diamond era." Since there is no substance that can replace diamond, then the "diamond era" will not be replaced after the advent. The same brilliant and colorful diamond world, the same dream of diamonds, let us use wisdom and hard work to jointly build a beautiful future of the diamond era, and strive to achieve the highest aspirations and goals of human pursuit of material civilization.
1. Mystery of infinite space treasures
Flashing twinkling stars,
Let me know what you are?
Far from the world,
Like a diamond hanging over the horizon. (space)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star
How I wonder what you are?
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
In 1806, Jane Taylor said in the children's song "Diamond in the sky" that the stars in the sky look like diamonds. This song has now come true.
Not only are there many diamond stars hanging high in the sky, but also interstellar carbon and hydride, the most of which is methane. The structure of methane is a tetrahedron with four hydrogen atoms in each of its four corners. The four valence electrons in the central carbon atom are pulled by hydrogen atoms to form a diamond (SP3), so methane is actually monoatomic. diamond.
Methane collides with each other to form a multi-atomic diamond. The interstellar dust contains nano-diamonds, and the nano-diamonds are also contained in the meteorites and in the comet's wrap. Gas-phase planets outside the solar system, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are rich in methane. Methane decomposes and deposits diamonds at high temperatures and pressures, so the atmosphere in these gas-phase planets will drop the "snow" of the diamond. The "Diamond Snowflake" deposits into the interior of the planet and is heated, and at high temperatures it melts into "diamond raindrops." Diamond heavy rain will be integrated into the "Diamond River" inside the planet, and the "Diamond River" will also flow to the "Diamond Ocean" deeper in the planet.
Ancient people saw the twinkling stars not knowing what it was, and therefore, giving mystery. Modern scientists have measured the spectrum of some stars with astronomical telescopes, which have been shown to contain a large number of diamonds. There are a large number of diamond superstars in the Milky Way, and the diamonds in this diamond star will be of greater quality than the entire planet and even the sun.
The methane filled in the universe is a suspended monoatomic diamond. 2. The innocent land is deeply buried in the vast region. The northern part of Russia is rich in mineral resources. Nearly 36% of the territory is in the Arctic Circle. It is also the richest place in Russia, most of the minerals. Resources are here. Because the soil in these areas is permafrost, it poses great difficulties in building roads and railways. 40% of Russia's coal, 99% of natural diamonds are stored here. At present, only precious metals such as diamonds, gold, and platinum “enjoy†air transportation treatment. Therefore, most of the mineral deposits have not been mined [1].
Earth black diamonds come from outer space. Since the beginning of the last century, about 600 tons of diamonds have been mined and sold worldwide, and diamonds have become one of the most popular decorations in the upper class. But among the various color diamonds, black diamonds are especially valuable because of their scarcity. Where do black diamonds come from, and why are the numbers so rare? A study by the astrophysicist Joseph Calais of Florida State University found that the black diamonds on Earth are not the evolution of the Earth itself, but all come from Outer space. "Diamonds are long-lasting, and a eternal rumor." Indeed, black diamonds may have existed in the universe long before the Earth was born.
To study the origins of black diamonds, American scientists used the infrared synchrotron at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States. "The nitrogen and hydrogen are important clues to the discovery of the origin of black diamonds," said Florida State University astrophysicist Hagilty. Scientists have found a lot of hydrogen in black diamonds, which suggests that it comes from outer space rich in hydrogen. In the mid-18th century, the Portuguese in Brazil first proposed the concept of "black diamond". So far, black diamonds have only been found in Brazil and the Central African Republic.
Sonia Esperanka, head of the Department of Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation of the United States, said: "General diamonds are the crystallization of pure carbon materials under pressure of less than 100 kilometers below the surface. When they encounter volcanic activity, they are brought to Earth. It is this process that maintains the special crystal structure of the diamond, making it the hardest natural material on the planet. Although the world has so far mined and sold about 600 tons of ordinary diamonds, it has not been in the world. A black diamond has been found in a diamond mine [2].
Diamonds produced from deep underground (about 100 to 200 km) may be formed by debris or humus of seabed fish. In order to understand this mystery, diamond geologist Ralf Tappert of the University of Calgary in Canada studied diamonds in the Yagsfontein mine in South Africa, and believed that the diamonds contained in the deep underground contain almost all of the C12. The isotope of organic matter is far more than the other isotope C13. Therefore, they say that when the oceanic plate slides under other plates and enters the mantle, marine benthic organisms provide carbon for the deep underground diamonds. Steven Shirey, an isotope geochemist at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC, said the study is a good example of how deep formations will eventually return to the surface (Science Times) [3].
According to reports, researchers used diamonds to polish a piece of meteorite and found that there are carbon crystals that are harder than diamonds, which means that the crystal is harder than diamond. A series of instruments were used to carefully observe the crystals in the meteorite, and two new natural carbon crystal structures were discovered. This carbon crystal is harder than the diamond formed inside the earth. Simply put, diamonds are formed under high temperature and high pressure conditions in the depths of the earth. The general pressure is 4.5 to 5.0 GPa (equivalent to a depth of 150 to 200 km/) and the temperature is 1100 to 1500 °C. Most of the mines currently mined are mainly formed between 3.3 billion years ago and 1.2-1.7 billion years. For example, some diamonds in South Africa are about 4.5 billion years old, indicating that these diamonds have begun to crystallize deep in the earth shortly after the birth of the Earth. They are the oldest gemstones in the world. The formation of diamonds requires a long historical process, as evidenced by the fact that diamonds are mainly produced on the ancient stable continents of the earth.
In addition, scientists speculate that the collision of stars on the Earth, producing instantaneous high pressure, high temperature can also form diamonds. Trieste, University of Lyon, France. Professor Ferrol said: "This discovery is purely accidental, but we are convinced that the study of this meteorite can make new discoveries about diamonds." The next step is to observe the structure of the smaller crystals with high-precision instruments and understand their atomic arrangement to finally unravel the cause.
3, elegant, romantic, legendary and mysterious The world's first diamond name "Golden Fifty Years", weighing 545.67 carats, more than 83 years old, the world's largest diamond "African Superstar" 15.47 carats. On April 13, 1996, he was dedicated to King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand as a gift to congratulate the 50th anniversary of the king's administration and was set in the top of the scepter to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the king's reign.
The world's second largest diamond, named by the British King as "African Superstar", is the world's largest gem-quality diamond "Cullinan", weighing 530.20 carats, pear-shaped, with 74 faces, embedded in On the king's (scepter) of King Edward VII of England.
It is often said that a white and flawless diamond is a symbol of eternal eternal. However, the colorful and colorful colored diamonds add some elegance, romance, legend and mystery to this affection.
The most famous colored diamond in the world is "Elyka". According to historical records, in September 1866, a 15-year-old boy named Ilams Jackbu found this pale yellow incomplete when he was playing pebbles on the beach of Orange River near Hopetown, South Africa. Octahedron, weighing 21 carats of gem diamond. In 1966, at the 100th anniversary of the discovery of "Eureka", De Beers Diamond Company bought the "Eureka" colored diamonds from the United Kingdom to South Africa at a high price. It is now stored at the Kimberley Diamond Museum in South Africa for public viewing.
The rarest diamond in the world is the "Green Dresden". According to records, in the mid-17th century, when the diamond ancient sand mine was mined in the Golconda region of India, the green gem-quality diamond was found, weighing about 101 carats. The colorful diamonds are brilliantly radiant, dazzling and radiant, and they are fascinating in the sun. And it is recognized as a treasure.
The combination of unique, indestructible, never worn diamonds and eternal love has made diamonds a symbol of eternal love, a vow of love and a token of marriage. The precious and precious diamonds that nature has given to mankind have kept pace with the times. It has become a concept that is advocating in the 21st century, a kind of sustenance, a culture, an emotion, a value-added and never-wearing century. Treasures. [4]
American astronomers have recently released the latest data on a carbon star wrapped in a large amount of carbon particles. The young star named "Beta Pictoris" is currently in a state similar to the early days of the Sun. However, in the gaseous cloud with a diameter of more than 300 billion kilometers around the star, astronomers have discovered a large number of carbon elements that exist in a gaseous state. And think that the carbon around it may be the product of the collision between asteroids and comets. If this is the case, then the planets formed around the star in the future will be dominated by carbon – the surface of these “carbon planets†will be covered by a lot of tar and smoke, and the mountains will be made of diamond [5].
Diamond is an extremely rare mineral, but in the long history, its nature has always been a mystery. It was not until the end of the 17th century that diamonds were found to have flammable properties. As a result, British chemists and German physicists have all appeared on the scene. Unfortunately, in the past test conditions for the conversion of graphite to diamond, only high temperatures and lack of high enough pressure, therefore, graphite is impossible to transform into diamond.
Although many attempts in the past have failed, these research efforts have pointed the way for later success. It is clear that the process of making diamonds is a high-pressure, high-temperature process, that is, the conversion of graphite to diamond is only possible under the conditions of both high pressure and high temperature.
In 1938, Rossini and Jessup published their calculated diamond (D)-graphite (G) balance line. In 1939, he published his calculated DG balance line; in 1947, PWBrigman published his calculated DG balance line. The theoretical problem that the synthetic diamond needs ultra high pressure and high temperature is solved, which provides a theoretical basis.
Because of the maturity of synthetic diamond growth theory and high temperature and high pressure technology, it is indicated that the birth of synthetic diamond has been noisy in the mother's womb and is about to come to the world.
In 1954, GE Corporation of the United States announced the successful synthesis of synthetic diamonds; Sweden announced that diamonds were synthesized in 1953; in 1959, South Africa, the Soviet Union and Japan in 1960 successively announced the synthesis of synthetic diamonds. Foreign achievements show that artificial production of diamonds is no longer an insurmountable subject. At the time, this advanced technology was completely closed to China. However, the success of the pioneers, the attempt to carry out their own synthetic diamond synthesis technology in China is no longer an infeasible matter. In 1963, with the efforts of Chinese scientists and technicians, China successfully produced the first synthetic diamond.
5, diamond dawn just rises (1) ultra-structural diamond control quantum information research At present, scientists around the world are very concerned about the feasibility of manufacturing quantum computers. Because of the information processing, quantum computers are undoubtedly of vital importance. The ultra-purity single crystal diamond is synthesized by vapor deposition, which provides a solid foundation for the study of diamond structures with specific energy necessary for quantum computing technology. In March 2008, scientists at the University of Melbourne in Australia announced that they have developed the world's smallest diamond ring, with a diameter of only 5 μm and a thickness of only 300 nm. It is used to detect single photons and is the first component that must be completed in the development of quantum computers. According to quantum theory, the new type of computer with faster calculation speed developed by diamond belongs to the field of optical computing technology, which is of great significance to the research of national high-tech field and cutting-edge defense technology.
(2) Preliminary research on micro-cut diamond devices The purpose is to study the world-class manufacturing process of diamond microelectronic devices, so that Europe has the advantage of competing with Japan and the United States. The research focuses on an advanced micron- and nano-scale micromachining process for the next generation of high-frequency, high-power electronic devices based on synthetic single crystal diamonds.
(3) Study on CVD diamond window pores and nuclear fusion energy The world's largest nuclear fusion energy project was launched in 2008 with the aim of demonstrating the possibility of long-term nuclear fusion by æ°˜(heavy hydrogen)-æ°š(super heavy hydrogen) plasma. Sex. The core technology of the project is a toroidal nuclear fusion chamber that uses a magnetic field to hold a high temperature confined helium-neon gas mixture. Therefore, each of the apertures must be capable of commanding about 1 MW of microwave energy to be injected from a small hole having a diameter of less than 10 cm without heat dissipation, and also preventing the krypton-xenon mixed gas from escaping the fusion chamber, which is an extremely difficult technical requirement.
CVD diamond has a low absorption rate of microwaves and a high thermal conductivity. These two points are essential to avoid heat dissipation. In addition, the dielectric constant of the CVD diamond is small, and it is possible to prevent the destructive back reflection wave of the microwave from entering the gyrotron (gyro vibrator) serving as a microwave source. Therefore, CVD diamond is by far the most desirable window material.
(4) Research on ultra-high-purity diamond With the feasibility of putting quantum mechanics theory into practice, the interdisciplinary technology and cryptography are more closely intertwined, and ultra-high-purity materials are needed to satisfy the development of this cutting-edge technology. In the case of quantum devices, there is an urgent need for diamonds of quantum-grade purity, and synthetic techniques based on chemical vapor deposition are used to produce ultra-high-purity, in-situ controlled single crystal diamonds, which have a significantly reduced paramagnetic impurity concentration. Diamonds with this property are also likely to be applied to new nanoscale magnetic sensors. This nanoscale magnetic sensor can be applied to biological imaging. Ultrahigh-purity, homotopically controlled CVD diamonds with high localization resolution for weak magnetic fields are also reported to be useful in metrology and life sciences [6].
(5) The probe on the new CVD diamond probe measuring instrument is made of hard ceramic materials such as ruby, sapphire or alumina, silica, etc., which often causes the change of the probe size due to wear, temperature changes and material fines accumulation. The result is inaccurate. Nowadays, the CVD diamond ball is used as a probe to solve this series of problems. It has been proved that the wear of CVD diamond probes is significantly reduced when scanning hard materials, while the measurement of soft materials such as aluminum-based materials rarely occurs. Therefore, there is a broad market for applications. At present, two of the most commonly used probes have been initially produced, with diameters of 1 mm and 3 mm, respectively.
(6) Support for the development of new lasers High-quality diamond developed by Element Six is ​​the core material of a new powerful laser, which will find new applications in many fields besides conventional lasers, such as underwater imaging, medical imaging, and eye. Science and cancer treatment. It is expected to bring Raman lasers to unprecedented power and wavelength ranges. The emergence of this unique diamond material has led to a strong interest in the study of small-volume, high-power Raman lasers [7].
(7) Diamond ultraviolet sensors used in fire detection systems Currently, 90% of fires in Japan occur in residential areas, and 50% of them involve elderly people over the age of 65. They are often exposed to fire. unfortunately. The main cause of casualties is that escape is not timely, and early detection of fire is an extremely important safety requirement.
Traditional sensors are alarmed by detecting heat and smoke during the early stages of the fire. Ultraviolet-detected fire sensor technology quickly detects the fire before it develops into a dangerous phase of heat and smoke. This diamond UV sensor requires only a 9V dry battery to operate, long life and low energy consumption [8].
6. The glory of the diamond era The exploration of tool materials by humans has gone through a long process: the wood age → the stone age → the pottery age → the bronze age → the iron age → the aluminum age → the plastic age → the silicon age → the ceramic age → carbon Tube era → diamond era. With the advancement of human science and technology, new materials will be developed in every era. Diamonds are the ultimate material, and the material civilization of the future will reach its peak by entering the diamond era.
Diamonds were thought to have many mysterious effects in the past, and ancient generals often wore battlefields to be blessed.
In 1947 De Beers shouted the most successful ad in the 20th century: "A Diamond is Forever."
In 1953, Hollywood movie star Marilyn Monroe sang in the film "Men Love Blonde": "Our youth charm will eventually disappear, only those beautiful diamonds will always be brilliant, diamonds are women's best friends."
By the year 2000, 80% of Westerners used diamonds as a token of sentiment.
Song Jianmin said humorously: "If someone has Arnold's body shape, Einstein's wisdom, Picasso's inspiration, Ma Youyou's piano art, Jackson's dance, Ali's boxing and Jordan's skills, you will definitely say even if it is It is difficult for God to create such a perfect person. It is true that there is no such miracle in the human world, but in the material world, God has given mankind a better dream combination - diamonds [9].
Diamond is God's gift to mankind. She is not only the king of beautiful gems, but also the emperor of materials.
references:
1. Tang Cunyin and so on, 99% of Russia's natural diamonds are stored in the Arctic Circle [J]. Superhard Materials Engineering, 2006, 3:43
2. American scientists say the Earth's black diamonds come from outer space [J] Superhard Materials Engineering, 2008, 2:48
3. [J] China Superhard Materials, 2005, 3:8
4 He Song, Natural Diamond. Diamond. De Beers [J] Superhard Materials and Gems (Special Edition), 2002, 4: 42~46
5 Deng Hua et al., a large number of carbon peaks found around the stars may be composed of diamond [J]. Industrial Diamond, 2006, 4:18
6. Tan Zhongyao, Enlightenment of Element 6 Company on Superhard Materials Industry in the Financial Crisis [J] Superhard Materials Engineering, 2009, 5:48~52
7. Yan Shichao, synthetic diamond supports the development of new lasers [J] Industrial Diamond 2009, 3:8
8 Deng Hua translation, diamond ultraviolet sensor used in fire detection system [J] IDR, 2006, 2
9 Song Jianmin, superhard material [M] Jinhua Science and Technology Books Co., Ltd., 1989
10 Wang Chunyun, China's diamond use history over 4,500 years [J] Superhard Materials Engineering, 2005, 2: 54~56
The author's intention in writing this article has inspired more young experts to participate in writing interesting science articles, so that more people (including leaders) can understand our esoteric and legendary diamond industry and promote the development of China's diamond and application industries. .
Liu Jinchang, General Manager of China Superhard Materials Network August 18, 2010 Diamond - Endless and Endless Topic Zhengzhou Abrasives Grinding Research Institute Wang Guangzu Extreme and Transcendence: The material is divided into three major categories, namely hard ceramics and conductive Metals and soft plastics, however diamonds (often referred to as diamonds) are not traditional materials, and their properties are extraordinary and become the ultimate material king.
The extreme nature of diamonds has the king's demeanor, so its use has become the ultimate in materials. Diamonds not only surpass traditional materials in performance, but diamonds are the only enabler in many fields. Therefore, it can be regarded as the “transcendence of matter†that God has given to mankind.
Innocent charm: meet with diamonds, and see the clock.
Eternal recourse: research for diamonds, death without regrets!
Diamond is a rare mineral in nature. It was discovered in India as early as 3,000 BC and is an ancient crystal with mysterious legend. Through thousands of years of unremitting technical exploration and observation, people gradually realize that diamond is a valuable material that integrates many characteristics such as power, electricity, light, heat and sound. Its unique performance is so far. Know that any other material is incomparable. It is these incomparable and excellent characteristics that make it use as the material of the material and have the style of “material kingâ€.
Although thousands of years have passed away, the ancient diamond crystals are always young and prosperous, serving the boundless realm of human society. However, the application to it has so far been only a corner of the "iceberg". If the application of diamond materials can be popularized one day, it will bring the human material civilization to the peak and enter the eternal "diamond era." Since there is no substance that can replace diamond, then the "diamond era" will not be replaced after the advent. The same brilliant and colorful diamond world, the same dream of diamonds, let us use wisdom and hard work to jointly build a beautiful future of the diamond era, and strive to achieve the highest aspirations and goals of human pursuit of material civilization.
1. Mystery of infinite space treasures
Flashing twinkling stars,
Let me know what you are?
Far from the world,
Like a diamond hanging over the horizon. (space)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star
How I wonder what you are?
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
In 1806, Jane Taylor said in the children's song "Diamond in the sky" that the stars in the sky look like diamonds. This song has now come true.
Not only are there many diamond stars hanging high in the sky, but also interstellar carbon and hydride, the most of which is methane. The structure of methane is a tetrahedron with four hydrogen atoms in each of its four corners. The four valence electrons in the central carbon atom are pulled by hydrogen atoms to form a diamond (SP3), so methane is actually monoatomic. diamond.
Methane collides with each other to form a multi-atomic diamond. The interstellar dust contains nano-diamonds, and the nano-diamonds are also contained in the meteorites and in the comet's wrap. Gas-phase planets outside the solar system, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are rich in methane. Methane decomposes and deposits diamonds at high temperatures and pressures, so the atmosphere in these gas-phase planets will drop the "snow" of the diamond. The "Diamond Snowflake" deposits into the interior of the planet and is heated, and at high temperatures it melts into "diamond raindrops." Diamond heavy rain will be integrated into the "Diamond River" inside the planet, and the "Diamond River" will also flow to the "Diamond Ocean" deeper in the planet.
Ancient people saw the twinkling stars not knowing what it was, and therefore, giving mystery. Modern scientists have measured the spectrum of some stars with astronomical telescopes, which have been shown to contain a large number of diamonds. There are a large number of diamond superstars in the Milky Way, and the diamonds in this diamond star will be of greater quality than the entire planet and even the sun.
The methane filled in the universe is a suspended monoatomic diamond. 2. The innocent land is deeply buried in the vast region. The northern part of Russia is rich in mineral resources. Nearly 36% of the territory is in the Arctic Circle. It is also the richest place in Russia, most of the minerals. Resources are here. Because the soil in these areas is permafrost, it poses great difficulties in building roads and railways. 40% of Russia's coal, 99% of natural diamonds are stored here. At present, only precious metals such as diamonds, gold, and platinum “enjoy†air transportation treatment. Therefore, most of the mineral deposits have not been mined [1]. Earth black diamonds come from outer space. Since the beginning of the last century, about 600 tons of diamonds have been mined and sold worldwide, and diamonds have become one of the most popular decorations in the upper class. But among the various color diamonds, black diamonds are especially valuable because of their scarcity. Where do black diamonds come from, and why are the numbers so rare? A study by the astrophysicist Joseph Calais of Florida State University found that the black diamonds on Earth are not the evolution of the Earth itself, but all come from Outer space. "Diamonds are long-lasting, and a eternal rumor." Indeed, black diamonds may have existed in the universe long before the Earth was born.
To study the origins of black diamonds, American scientists used the infrared synchrotron at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States. "The nitrogen and hydrogen are important clues to the discovery of the origin of black diamonds," said Florida State University astrophysicist Hagilty. Scientists have found a lot of hydrogen in black diamonds, which suggests that it comes from outer space rich in hydrogen. In the mid-18th century, the Portuguese in Brazil first proposed the concept of "black diamond". So far, black diamonds have only been found in Brazil and the Central African Republic.
Sonia Esperanka, head of the Department of Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation of the United States, said: "General diamonds are the crystallization of pure carbon materials under pressure of less than 100 kilometers below the surface. When they encounter volcanic activity, they are brought to Earth. It is this process that maintains the special crystal structure of the diamond, making it the hardest natural material on the planet. Although the world has so far mined and sold about 600 tons of ordinary diamonds, it has not been in the world. A black diamond has been found in a diamond mine [2].
Diamonds produced from deep underground (about 100 to 200 km) may be formed by debris or humus of seabed fish. In order to understand this mystery, diamond geologist Ralf Tappert of the University of Calgary in Canada studied diamonds in the Yagsfontein mine in South Africa, and believed that the diamonds contained in the deep underground contain almost all of the C12. The isotope of organic matter is far more than the other isotope C13. Therefore, they say that when the oceanic plate slides under other plates and enters the mantle, marine benthic organisms provide carbon for the deep underground diamonds. Steven Shirey, an isotope geochemist at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC, said the study is a good example of how deep formations will eventually return to the surface (Science Times) [3].
According to reports, researchers used diamonds to polish a piece of meteorite and found that there are carbon crystals that are harder than diamonds, which means that the crystal is harder than diamond. A series of instruments were used to carefully observe the crystals in the meteorite, and two new natural carbon crystal structures were discovered. This carbon crystal is harder than the diamond formed inside the earth. Simply put, diamonds are formed under high temperature and high pressure conditions in the depths of the earth. The general pressure is 4.5 to 5.0 GPa (equivalent to a depth of 150 to 200 km/) and the temperature is 1100 to 1500 °C. Most of the mines currently mined are mainly formed between 3.3 billion years ago and 1.2-1.7 billion years. For example, some diamonds in South Africa are about 4.5 billion years old, indicating that these diamonds have begun to crystallize deep in the earth shortly after the birth of the Earth. They are the oldest gemstones in the world. The formation of diamonds requires a long historical process, as evidenced by the fact that diamonds are mainly produced on the ancient stable continents of the earth.
In addition, scientists speculate that the collision of stars on the Earth, producing instantaneous high pressure, high temperature can also form diamonds. Trieste, University of Lyon, France. Professor Ferrol said: "This discovery is purely accidental, but we are convinced that the study of this meteorite can make new discoveries about diamonds." The next step is to observe the structure of the smaller crystals with high-precision instruments and understand their atomic arrangement to finally unravel the cause.
3, elegant, romantic, legendary and mysterious The world's first diamond name "Golden Fifty Years", weighing 545.67 carats, more than 83 years old, the world's largest diamond "African Superstar" 15.47 carats. On April 13, 1996, he was dedicated to King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand as a gift to congratulate the 50th anniversary of the king's administration and was set in the top of the scepter to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the king's reign.
The world's second largest diamond, named by the British King as "African Superstar", is the world's largest gem-quality diamond "Cullinan", weighing 530.20 carats, pear-shaped, with 74 faces, embedded in On the king's (scepter) of King Edward VII of England.
It is often said that a white and flawless diamond is a symbol of eternal eternal. However, the colorful and colorful colored diamonds add some elegance, romance, legend and mystery to this affection.
The most famous colored diamond in the world is "Elyka". According to historical records, in September 1866, a 15-year-old boy named Ilams Jackbu found this pale yellow incomplete when he was playing pebbles on the beach of Orange River near Hopetown, South Africa. Octahedron, weighing 21 carats of gem diamond. In 1966, at the 100th anniversary of the discovery of "Eureka", De Beers Diamond Company bought the "Eureka" colored diamonds from the United Kingdom to South Africa at a high price. It is now stored at the Kimberley Diamond Museum in South Africa for public viewing.
The rarest diamond in the world is the "Green Dresden". According to records, in the mid-17th century, when the diamond ancient sand mine was mined in the Golconda region of India, the green gem-quality diamond was found, weighing about 101 carats. The colorful diamonds are brilliantly radiant, dazzling and radiant, and they are fascinating in the sun. And it is recognized as a treasure.
The combination of unique, indestructible, never worn diamonds and eternal love has made diamonds a symbol of eternal love, a vow of love and a token of marriage. The precious and precious diamonds that nature has given to mankind have kept pace with the times. It has become a concept that is advocating in the 21st century, a kind of sustenance, a culture, an emotion, a value-added and never-wearing century. Treasures. [4]
American astronomers have recently released the latest data on a carbon star wrapped in a large amount of carbon particles. The young star named "Beta Pictoris" is currently in a state similar to the early days of the Sun. However, in the gaseous cloud with a diameter of more than 300 billion kilometers around the star, astronomers have discovered a large number of carbon elements that exist in a gaseous state. And think that the carbon around it may be the product of the collision between asteroids and comets. If this is the case, then the planets formed around the star in the future will be dominated by carbon – the surface of these “carbon planets†will be covered by a lot of tar and smoke, and the mountains will be made of diamond [5].
Diamond is an extremely rare mineral, but in the long history, its nature has always been a mystery. It was not until the end of the 17th century that diamonds were found to have flammable properties. As a result, British chemists and German physicists have all appeared on the scene. Unfortunately, in the past test conditions for the conversion of graphite to diamond, only high temperatures and lack of high enough pressure, therefore, graphite is impossible to transform into diamond.
Although many attempts in the past have failed, these research efforts have pointed the way for later success. It is clear that the process of making diamonds is a high-pressure, high-temperature process, that is, the conversion of graphite to diamond is only possible under the conditions of both high pressure and high temperature.
In 1938, Rossini and Jessup published their calculated diamond (D)-graphite (G) balance line. In 1939, he published his calculated DG balance line; in 1947, PWBrigman published his calculated DG balance line. The theoretical problem that the synthetic diamond needs ultra high pressure and high temperature is solved, which provides a theoretical basis.
Because of the maturity of synthetic diamond growth theory and high temperature and high pressure technology, it is indicated that the birth of synthetic diamond has been noisy in the mother's womb and is about to come to the world.
In 1954, GE Corporation of the United States announced the successful synthesis of synthetic diamonds; Sweden announced that diamonds were synthesized in 1953; in 1959, South Africa, the Soviet Union and Japan in 1960 successively announced the synthesis of synthetic diamonds. Foreign achievements show that artificial production of diamonds is no longer an insurmountable subject. At the time, this advanced technology was completely closed to China. However, the success of the pioneers, the attempt to carry out their own synthetic diamond synthesis technology in China is no longer an infeasible matter. In 1963, with the efforts of Chinese scientists and technicians, China successfully produced the first synthetic diamond.
5, diamond dawn just rises (1) ultra-structural diamond control quantum information research At present, scientists around the world are very concerned about the feasibility of manufacturing quantum computers. Because of the information processing, quantum computers are undoubtedly of vital importance. The ultra-purity single crystal diamond is synthesized by vapor deposition, which provides a solid foundation for the study of diamond structures with specific energy necessary for quantum computing technology. In March 2008, scientists at the University of Melbourne in Australia announced that they have developed the world's smallest diamond ring, with a diameter of only 5 μm and a thickness of only 300 nm. It is used to detect single photons and is the first component that must be completed in the development of quantum computers. According to quantum theory, the new type of computer with faster calculation speed developed by diamond belongs to the field of optical computing technology, which is of great significance to the research of national high-tech field and cutting-edge defense technology.
(2) Preliminary research on micro-cut diamond devices The purpose is to study the world-class manufacturing process of diamond microelectronic devices, so that Europe has the advantage of competing with Japan and the United States. The research focuses on an advanced micron- and nano-scale micromachining process for the next generation of high-frequency, high-power electronic devices based on synthetic single crystal diamonds.
(3) Study on CVD diamond window pores and nuclear fusion energy The world's largest nuclear fusion energy project was launched in 2008 with the aim of demonstrating the possibility of long-term nuclear fusion by æ°˜(heavy hydrogen)-æ°š(super heavy hydrogen) plasma. Sex. The core technology of the project is a toroidal nuclear fusion chamber that uses a magnetic field to hold a high temperature confined helium-neon gas mixture. Therefore, each of the apertures must be capable of commanding about 1 MW of microwave energy to be injected from a small hole having a diameter of less than 10 cm without heat dissipation, and also preventing the krypton-xenon mixed gas from escaping the fusion chamber, which is an extremely difficult technical requirement.
CVD diamond has a low absorption rate of microwaves and a high thermal conductivity. These two points are essential to avoid heat dissipation. In addition, the dielectric constant of the CVD diamond is small, and it is possible to prevent the destructive back reflection wave of the microwave from entering the gyrotron (gyro vibrator) serving as a microwave source. Therefore, CVD diamond is by far the most desirable window material.
(4) Research on ultra-high-purity diamond With the feasibility of putting quantum mechanics theory into practice, the interdisciplinary technology and cryptography are more closely intertwined, and ultra-high-purity materials are needed to satisfy the development of this cutting-edge technology. In the case of quantum devices, there is an urgent need for diamonds of quantum-grade purity, and synthetic techniques based on chemical vapor deposition are used to produce ultra-high-purity, in-situ controlled single crystal diamonds, which have a significantly reduced paramagnetic impurity concentration. Diamonds with this property are also likely to be applied to new nanoscale magnetic sensors. This nanoscale magnetic sensor can be applied to biological imaging. Ultrahigh-purity, homotopically controlled CVD diamonds with high localization resolution for weak magnetic fields are also reported to be useful in metrology and life sciences [6].
(5) The probe on the new CVD diamond probe measuring instrument is made of hard ceramic materials such as ruby, sapphire or alumina, silica, etc., which often causes the change of the probe size due to wear, temperature changes and material fines accumulation. The result is inaccurate. Nowadays, the CVD diamond ball is used as a probe to solve this series of problems. It has been proved that the wear of CVD diamond probes is significantly reduced when scanning hard materials, while the measurement of soft materials such as aluminum-based materials rarely occurs. Therefore, there is a broad market for applications. At present, two of the most commonly used probes have been initially produced, with diameters of 1 mm and 3 mm, respectively.
(6) Support for the development of new lasers High-quality diamond developed by Element Six is ​​the core material of a new powerful laser, which will find new applications in many fields besides conventional lasers, such as underwater imaging, medical imaging, and eye. Science and cancer treatment. It is expected to bring Raman lasers to unprecedented power and wavelength ranges. The emergence of this unique diamond material has led to a strong interest in the study of small-volume, high-power Raman lasers [7].
(7) Diamond ultraviolet sensors used in fire detection systems Currently, 90% of fires in Japan occur in residential areas, and 50% of them involve elderly people over the age of 65. They are often exposed to fire. unfortunately. The main cause of casualties is that escape is not timely, and early detection of fire is an extremely important safety requirement.
Traditional sensors are alarmed by detecting heat and smoke during the early stages of the fire. Ultraviolet-detected fire sensor technology quickly detects the fire before it develops into a dangerous phase of heat and smoke. This diamond UV sensor requires only a 9V dry battery to operate, long life and low energy consumption [8].
6. The glory of the diamond era The exploration of tool materials by humans has gone through a long process: the wood age → the stone age → the pottery age → the bronze age → the iron age → the aluminum age → the plastic age → the silicon age → the ceramic age → carbon Tube era → diamond era. With the advancement of human science and technology, new materials will be developed in every era. Diamonds are the ultimate material, and the material civilization of the future will reach its peak by entering the diamond era.
Diamonds were thought to have many mysterious effects in the past, and ancient generals often wore battlefields to be blessed.
In 1947 De Beers shouted the most successful ad in the 20th century: "A Diamond is Forever."
In 1953, Hollywood movie star Marilyn Monroe sang in the film "Men Love Blonde": "Our youth charm will eventually disappear, only those beautiful diamonds will always be brilliant, diamonds are women's best friends."
By the year 2000, 80% of Westerners used diamonds as a token of sentiment.
Song Jianmin said humorously: "If someone has Arnold's body shape, Einstein's wisdom, Picasso's inspiration, Ma Youyou's piano art, Jackson's dance, Ali's boxing and Jordan's skills, you will definitely say even if it is It is difficult for God to create such a perfect person. It is true that there is no such miracle in the human world, but in the material world, God has given mankind a better dream combination - diamonds [9].
Diamond is God's gift to mankind. She is not only the king of beautiful gems, but also the emperor of materials.
references:
1. Tang Cunyin and so on, 99% of Russia's natural diamonds are stored in the Arctic Circle [J]. Superhard Materials Engineering, 2006, 3:43
2. American scientists say the Earth's black diamonds come from outer space [J] Superhard Materials Engineering, 2008, 2:48
3. [J] China Superhard Materials, 2005, 3:8
4 He Song, Natural Diamond. Diamond. De Beers [J] Superhard Materials and Gems (Special Edition), 2002, 4: 42~46
5 Deng Hua et al., a large number of carbon peaks found around the stars may be composed of diamond [J]. Industrial Diamond, 2006, 4:18
6. Tan Zhongyao, Enlightenment of Element 6 Company on Superhard Materials Industry in the Financial Crisis [J] Superhard Materials Engineering, 2009, 5:48~52
7. Yan Shichao, synthetic diamond supports the development of new lasers [J] Industrial Diamond 2009, 3:8
8 Deng Hua translation, diamond ultraviolet sensor used in fire detection system [J] IDR, 2006, 2
9 Song Jianmin, superhard material [M] Jinhua Science and Technology Books Co., Ltd., 1989
10 Wang Chunyun, China's diamond use history over 4,500 years [J] Superhard Materials Engineering, 2005, 2: 54~56
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