I. Review of the development of China's stone industry
China's stone industry has been established since the beginning of the founding of the country. Under the planned economic system, a small number of stone processing enterprises and stone machinery enterprises have been deployed nationwide. The stone output only meets the needs of national key projects such as the National Museum and Tianmen Square. After the reform and opening up, private stone enterprises began to be established in the 1980s. The Chinese stone industry began to take off. In the 1990s, the stone industry built a part of the stone industry in the country. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 11th and 50th years, The rapid development of the national economy, especially the strong growth of the construction real estate industry, China's stone industry has entered an unprecedented rapid development channel. According to statistics, in 2010, about 50 stone enterprises with sales exceeding 200 million yuan were sold. More than 500 million people have more than 20 companies. "There are more than 3,000 national scales (sales income of more than 10,000 yuan). The sales revenue of stone enterprises has reached 20 7 cases, and the profits reached 15.4 billion yuan. 5.47 million square meters, granite plate production reached 308.26 million square meters, stone exports 21.5 million tons of foreign exchange earned 4.14 billion US dollars, imported stone 123 million tons, used sinks 260 million US dollars "China has become a world name Stone production, consumption, trade, mining technology and stone processing technology have achieved unprecedented breakthroughs "saw machine, automatic polishing machine, mining circular saw, block loader, etc. The development of technical equipment with independent intellectual property rights has been developed, and the automation, digitalization and intelligent equipment (infrared positioning and cutting machine, numerical control equipment, machining center, automatic polishing line, automatic glue production line, etc.) of stone products processing are of high technical content. Machinery and equipment have been widely used to promote the production process innovation in the stone mining and processing industry. At the same time, the auxiliary products related to stone processing and application have also formed serialized and professional development, stone adhesive products, stone cleaning and maintenance products, abrasive abrasives. The products have also achieved rapid results in comprehensive utilization of resources and energy conservation and emission reduction. "Through enterprise integration, closure of small mines and small processing plants, large-scale stone processing enterprises have basically realized the recycling of wastewater." Breakthroughs have been made in the comprehensive utilization technology of waste slag. The artificial stone and stone mosaic products processed by scraps have been successfully put on the market. The waste slag and stone powder produced by stone sawing and polishing are used as raw materials. The developed building blocks and bricks have achieved large-scale production. Industrial cluster effect begins It appears that more than 30 stone industry clusters with a certain scale are distributed in Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Hubei, Henan, Jilin, Hebei, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, etc., Fujian Shuitou, Guangdong Yunfu, Shandong Laizhou, etc. The three major stone processing bases and distribution centers in China, the stone production of the stone industry cluster has accounted for 80% of the national stone production. In summary, the Chinese stone industry has developed in the past 30 years without any capital investment in the country. The speed has exceeded the average level of development of various industries, surpassing the average level of development of the building materials industry, and has achieved remarkable achievements.
Second, the loose environment in the development of China's stone industry
The loose environment of China's stone industry has promoted the rapid development of the stone industry. There are many reasons for this, but the main reason is that the reform and opening up has built a democratic, free and relaxed development environment for the stone industry. The market is free and broad. In the early days, China's stone production capacity and output were almost equal to those in the 1950s. However, the demand for stone was at the same level as other industries in the 1980s. The market spread all over the country, providing a wide and free development space for stone products without relevant regulations and standards. "The development of the stone industry is not limited by laws and regulations. The development scope is wide and scattered. Only the general machinery industry standards are applied to stone machinery. There are almost no laws, regulations, standards and norms for stone products and their applications. Other industries are in the original. Under the Soviet economic model, various regulations, norms and restrictions have been copied. The stone industry is relatively democratic, free and loose in the standard development environment. Because there is no standard for stone products, the demand side does not understand stone production. The price information of the supply and demand sides is extremely asymmetric. The market is in short supply, the price of stone is high, and the profit margin is huge. The products are close to the market. The sales channels are directly "many products such as pharmaceuticals, automobiles, ceramics, etc., from the manufacturers to the provincial, city, county level agents to reach customers. There are many sales channels and various restrictions. "The sales channels of stone products are direct, democratic and free. There is no intermediate link. Only the main government of the supply and demand sides encourages and does not intervene." In the early stage of the development of the stone industry, safety and environmental protection issues are not obvious. The government insists that "development is the hard truth" concept, encourages the establishment of stone enterprises, and there is almost no threshold for entering the stone industry. Several pieces of rubble and several sheds can be used to open a stone processing factory." Since the 1980s At the end of the last century, the national stone factory quickly climbed from more than 100 to tens of thousands. During the period of "developing to nearly 100,000 during the 11th Five-Year Plan", individual local governments, due to the pressure of safety and environmental protection, began to stone. The development of the industry carries out administrative intervention. Most of the stone industry governments have implemented the development of the stone industry in the process of rectification and development. Free, accommodative associations represent enterprises and maintain enterprises. The national, provincial and local stone associations have been established one after another, which has enhanced the ability of enterprises to acquire information, resources, market and self-maintenance, and the freedom of enterprise development has been strengthened. First, the association Do not interfere with the production of stone enterprises, do not interfere with the operation of the stone market, but stand on the position of the enterprise to protect the interests of enterprises, help enterprises to develop markets, adjust the structure, upgrade technology, and exert industry influence by cohesive enterprises, representing enterprises to the government Some administrative regulations and policies that are unreasonable and endanger the development of the industry make recommendations to improve the survival and development environment of the stone industry. The above six are the real development environment in the Chinese stone industry for nearly 30 years.) Democracy, freedom, and looseness. The entrepreneurial enthusiasm of the prophets in the stone industry began the accumulation of high-speed capital. They borrowed the boat from the state-owned enterprises, and they had a good harvest in the ocean of the stone market and began to establish their own private enterprises. With the scale and quantity of enterprises Increased, gradually derived from the complete market-oriented mechanism of the stone industry, The force generated by the birth of this mechanism combined with the main force of the real estate industry provides a wave of opportunities for wealthy private enterprises with low capital and poor sales channels, and promotes the environment of the stone industry with almost no restrictions for nearly 30 years. It has rapidly expanded to become the world's largest stone industry today. At the same time, the complete market-oriented mechanism has also provided opportunities for large-scale stone enterprises to transform high-end industries such as real estate and finance, and reduce procurement costs for real estate and construction enterprises. Investing in stone enterprises has provided convenience; and because of the large amount of land occupied by stone enterprises, the ability to preserve and increase the value of mines and blocks, and the freedom and low cost of entering and leaving the stone industry, the stone industry has become an investment platform for many private financial institutions. The local government that supervises the supervision responsibility values ​​the GDP and tax provided by the stone industry without the specific laws and regulations of the country, and implements the encouragement policy of releasing water and fish, directly or indirectly promoting the prosperity of the stone industry.
Third, the problem of the stone industry in a relaxed environment
The democratic, free and relaxed development environment is promoting the rapid development of the stone industry. At the same time, it has left many problems for the development of the stone industry. Some areas have certain blindness in guiding the development of the industry, lacking scientific master plan, paying attention to immediate interests, neglecting Long-term development "The problem of waste of resources, environmental pollution, ecological damage, etc. has not been effectively solved. Mining enterprises have broken down forests, piled up rocks, and illegal discharge of wastes from processing enterprises and wastewater have caused great damage to the environment, affecting the local The farming and animal husbandry production and life of the people, the frequent incidents of villagers’ petitions have intensified the threshold of social contradictions entering the stone industry, the small workshop production enterprises and the extensive business model are widespread; the industry concentration is low, the number of enterprises is large, and the products are homogeneous. Reduced profits of enterprises and enterprises; excessive exploitation and waste caused many industrial resources to be exhausted; and due to the difficulty of control and the slow increase of tax revenue, many local governments began to resist or even hostile to the stone industry. Most enterprises have weak management and weak innovation ability; Standardization of stone products , the level of serialization is not enough; There is still a gap between the quality and grade of products and developed countries such as Spain and Italy. In some international high-end construction projects, the market share is not high. The whole industry is not strong, and the lack of core competitiveness seriously affects the sustainable development capability of the whole industry. The environmental protection problem will not be solved for a long time, the stone industry will be stopped by the government, and even the government will order it to withdraw. Insufficient industry innovation will also be squeezed into the development space by other industries (such as the ceramic industry), leading to the industry gradually weakening and exiting construction and construction. The mainstream market for industrial applications "These problems have stepped on the brakes for the acceleration of the stone industry, which cast a shadow over the democratic, free and relaxed development environment. Some local governments and some insiders and outsiders have reasonable and legitimacy for this development environment. Raised the question "In this regard, the leaders of the stone industry associations, experts and entrepreneurs around the world have begun to awaken, and reached a basic consensus within a certain scope, calling on the whole industry to start work related
4. Suggestions for promoting the sustainable development of China's stone industry
Industry associations should actively coordinate stone enterprises and application units to accelerate the formulation of industry norms (product standards, clean production standards, mining and other standards), encourage innovation in mechanisms, technologies, and products, and establish and improve the basis for government administration according to law; Constraint, self-regulation, promote the health, science and sustainable development of the whole industry. For the government to illegally intervene in the lawful operation of enterprises, stone enterprises should take the initiative to reflect the situation to the association, and the stone association should unite with the enterprise to defend the legitimate rights and interests. If the company violates the law caused by environmental protection, safety, taxation, etc., the association should actively participate in the coordination, support the government's legal administration on a limited basis on the basis of the development of the whole industry, and promote the unmanageable development of the government from the early stage of the stone industry. Do not want to manage, slack management, indiscriminate management to the future transformation of law, orderly management, continue to maintain the democratic, free and relaxed environment of the stone industry) The biggest dividend for the development of the stone industry, in order to attract foreign companies with strength and technology Low cost entry stone The industry, with the market's own energy and ways to phase out the lack of strength, technology-free, extensive workshop enterprises, to achieve a successful transfer of the entire industry, industry associations, related organizations, stone enterprises are not only passive implementation of national standards, It is stipulated that to meet environmental protection requirements and implement cleaner production, it is necessary to subjectively have the awareness of protecting the ecology and the sense of social responsibility, just as the party’s "18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China" proposes the people to build a socialist ecological civilization. The democratic, free and relaxed development environment can be recognized by the party, the state and the people, and the law can be effectively protected. Only then can the industry, enterprises, associations, relevant organizations and organizations share the Chinese stone industry for a long time to continue to innovate, transform and upgrade. China can develop from a stone country into a stone power.
China's stone industry has been established since the beginning of the founding of the country. Under the planned economic system, a small number of stone processing enterprises and stone machinery enterprises have been deployed nationwide. The stone output only meets the needs of national key projects such as the National Museum and Tianmen Square. After the reform and opening up, private stone enterprises began to be established in the 1980s. The Chinese stone industry began to take off. In the 1990s, the stone industry built a part of the stone industry in the country. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 11th and 50th years, The rapid development of the national economy, especially the strong growth of the construction real estate industry, China's stone industry has entered an unprecedented rapid development channel. According to statistics, in 2010, about 50 stone enterprises with sales exceeding 200 million yuan were sold. More than 500 million people have more than 20 companies. "There are more than 3,000 national scales (sales income of more than 10,000 yuan). The sales revenue of stone enterprises has reached 20 7 cases, and the profits reached 15.4 billion yuan. 5.47 million square meters, granite plate production reached 308.26 million square meters, stone exports 21.5 million tons of foreign exchange earned 4.14 billion US dollars, imported stone 123 million tons, used sinks 260 million US dollars "China has become a world name Stone production, consumption, trade, mining technology and stone processing technology have achieved unprecedented breakthroughs "saw machine, automatic polishing machine, mining circular saw, block loader, etc. The development of technical equipment with independent intellectual property rights has been developed, and the automation, digitalization and intelligent equipment (infrared positioning and cutting machine, numerical control equipment, machining center, automatic polishing line, automatic glue production line, etc.) of stone products processing are of high technical content. Machinery and equipment have been widely used to promote the production process innovation in the stone mining and processing industry. At the same time, the auxiliary products related to stone processing and application have also formed serialized and professional development, stone adhesive products, stone cleaning and maintenance products, abrasive abrasives. The products have also achieved rapid results in comprehensive utilization of resources and energy conservation and emission reduction. "Through enterprise integration, closure of small mines and small processing plants, large-scale stone processing enterprises have basically realized the recycling of wastewater." Breakthroughs have been made in the comprehensive utilization technology of waste slag. The artificial stone and stone mosaic products processed by scraps have been successfully put on the market. The waste slag and stone powder produced by stone sawing and polishing are used as raw materials. The developed building blocks and bricks have achieved large-scale production. Industrial cluster effect begins It appears that more than 30 stone industry clusters with a certain scale are distributed in Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Hubei, Henan, Jilin, Hebei, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, etc., Fujian Shuitou, Guangdong Yunfu, Shandong Laizhou, etc. The three major stone processing bases and distribution centers in China, the stone production of the stone industry cluster has accounted for 80% of the national stone production. In summary, the Chinese stone industry has developed in the past 30 years without any capital investment in the country. The speed has exceeded the average level of development of various industries, surpassing the average level of development of the building materials industry, and has achieved remarkable achievements.
Second, the loose environment in the development of China's stone industry
The loose environment of China's stone industry has promoted the rapid development of the stone industry. There are many reasons for this, but the main reason is that the reform and opening up has built a democratic, free and relaxed development environment for the stone industry. The market is free and broad. In the early days, China's stone production capacity and output were almost equal to those in the 1950s. However, the demand for stone was at the same level as other industries in the 1980s. The market spread all over the country, providing a wide and free development space for stone products without relevant regulations and standards. "The development of the stone industry is not limited by laws and regulations. The development scope is wide and scattered. Only the general machinery industry standards are applied to stone machinery. There are almost no laws, regulations, standards and norms for stone products and their applications. Other industries are in the original. Under the Soviet economic model, various regulations, norms and restrictions have been copied. The stone industry is relatively democratic, free and loose in the standard development environment. Because there is no standard for stone products, the demand side does not understand stone production. The price information of the supply and demand sides is extremely asymmetric. The market is in short supply, the price of stone is high, and the profit margin is huge. The products are close to the market. The sales channels are directly "many products such as pharmaceuticals, automobiles, ceramics, etc., from the manufacturers to the provincial, city, county level agents to reach customers. There are many sales channels and various restrictions. "The sales channels of stone products are direct, democratic and free. There is no intermediate link. Only the main government of the supply and demand sides encourages and does not intervene." In the early stage of the development of the stone industry, safety and environmental protection issues are not obvious. The government insists that "development is the hard truth" concept, encourages the establishment of stone enterprises, and there is almost no threshold for entering the stone industry. Several pieces of rubble and several sheds can be used to open a stone processing factory." Since the 1980s At the end of the last century, the national stone factory quickly climbed from more than 100 to tens of thousands. During the period of "developing to nearly 100,000 during the 11th Five-Year Plan", individual local governments, due to the pressure of safety and environmental protection, began to stone. The development of the industry carries out administrative intervention. Most of the stone industry governments have implemented the development of the stone industry in the process of rectification and development. Free, accommodative associations represent enterprises and maintain enterprises. The national, provincial and local stone associations have been established one after another, which has enhanced the ability of enterprises to acquire information, resources, market and self-maintenance, and the freedom of enterprise development has been strengthened. First, the association Do not interfere with the production of stone enterprises, do not interfere with the operation of the stone market, but stand on the position of the enterprise to protect the interests of enterprises, help enterprises to develop markets, adjust the structure, upgrade technology, and exert industry influence by cohesive enterprises, representing enterprises to the government Some administrative regulations and policies that are unreasonable and endanger the development of the industry make recommendations to improve the survival and development environment of the stone industry. The above six are the real development environment in the Chinese stone industry for nearly 30 years.) Democracy, freedom, and looseness. The entrepreneurial enthusiasm of the prophets in the stone industry began the accumulation of high-speed capital. They borrowed the boat from the state-owned enterprises, and they had a good harvest in the ocean of the stone market and began to establish their own private enterprises. With the scale and quantity of enterprises Increased, gradually derived from the complete market-oriented mechanism of the stone industry, The force generated by the birth of this mechanism combined with the main force of the real estate industry provides a wave of opportunities for wealthy private enterprises with low capital and poor sales channels, and promotes the environment of the stone industry with almost no restrictions for nearly 30 years. It has rapidly expanded to become the world's largest stone industry today. At the same time, the complete market-oriented mechanism has also provided opportunities for large-scale stone enterprises to transform high-end industries such as real estate and finance, and reduce procurement costs for real estate and construction enterprises. Investing in stone enterprises has provided convenience; and because of the large amount of land occupied by stone enterprises, the ability to preserve and increase the value of mines and blocks, and the freedom and low cost of entering and leaving the stone industry, the stone industry has become an investment platform for many private financial institutions. The local government that supervises the supervision responsibility values ​​the GDP and tax provided by the stone industry without the specific laws and regulations of the country, and implements the encouragement policy of releasing water and fish, directly or indirectly promoting the prosperity of the stone industry.
Third, the problem of the stone industry in a relaxed environment
The democratic, free and relaxed development environment is promoting the rapid development of the stone industry. At the same time, it has left many problems for the development of the stone industry. Some areas have certain blindness in guiding the development of the industry, lacking scientific master plan, paying attention to immediate interests, neglecting Long-term development "The problem of waste of resources, environmental pollution, ecological damage, etc. has not been effectively solved. Mining enterprises have broken down forests, piled up rocks, and illegal discharge of wastes from processing enterprises and wastewater have caused great damage to the environment, affecting the local The farming and animal husbandry production and life of the people, the frequent incidents of villagers’ petitions have intensified the threshold of social contradictions entering the stone industry, the small workshop production enterprises and the extensive business model are widespread; the industry concentration is low, the number of enterprises is large, and the products are homogeneous. Reduced profits of enterprises and enterprises; excessive exploitation and waste caused many industrial resources to be exhausted; and due to the difficulty of control and the slow increase of tax revenue, many local governments began to resist or even hostile to the stone industry. Most enterprises have weak management and weak innovation ability; Standardization of stone products , the level of serialization is not enough; There is still a gap between the quality and grade of products and developed countries such as Spain and Italy. In some international high-end construction projects, the market share is not high. The whole industry is not strong, and the lack of core competitiveness seriously affects the sustainable development capability of the whole industry. The environmental protection problem will not be solved for a long time, the stone industry will be stopped by the government, and even the government will order it to withdraw. Insufficient industry innovation will also be squeezed into the development space by other industries (such as the ceramic industry), leading to the industry gradually weakening and exiting construction and construction. The mainstream market for industrial applications "These problems have stepped on the brakes for the acceleration of the stone industry, which cast a shadow over the democratic, free and relaxed development environment. Some local governments and some insiders and outsiders have reasonable and legitimacy for this development environment. Raised the question "In this regard, the leaders of the stone industry associations, experts and entrepreneurs around the world have begun to awaken, and reached a basic consensus within a certain scope, calling on the whole industry to start work related
4. Suggestions for promoting the sustainable development of China's stone industry
Industry associations should actively coordinate stone enterprises and application units to accelerate the formulation of industry norms (product standards, clean production standards, mining and other standards), encourage innovation in mechanisms, technologies, and products, and establish and improve the basis for government administration according to law; Constraint, self-regulation, promote the health, science and sustainable development of the whole industry. For the government to illegally intervene in the lawful operation of enterprises, stone enterprises should take the initiative to reflect the situation to the association, and the stone association should unite with the enterprise to defend the legitimate rights and interests. If the company violates the law caused by environmental protection, safety, taxation, etc., the association should actively participate in the coordination, support the government's legal administration on a limited basis on the basis of the development of the whole industry, and promote the unmanageable development of the government from the early stage of the stone industry. Do not want to manage, slack management, indiscriminate management to the future transformation of law, orderly management, continue to maintain the democratic, free and relaxed environment of the stone industry) The biggest dividend for the development of the stone industry, in order to attract foreign companies with strength and technology Low cost entry stone The industry, with the market's own energy and ways to phase out the lack of strength, technology-free, extensive workshop enterprises, to achieve a successful transfer of the entire industry, industry associations, related organizations, stone enterprises are not only passive implementation of national standards, It is stipulated that to meet environmental protection requirements and implement cleaner production, it is necessary to subjectively have the awareness of protecting the ecology and the sense of social responsibility, just as the party’s "18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China" proposes the people to build a socialist ecological civilization. The democratic, free and relaxed development environment can be recognized by the party, the state and the people, and the law can be effectively protected. Only then can the industry, enterprises, associations, relevant organizations and organizations share the Chinese stone industry for a long time to continue to innovate, transform and upgrade. China can develop from a stone country into a stone power.
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