Abstract In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's stone industry began to take off. After the reform and opening up, China's stone industry developed rapidly. By the 1990s, China's stone exports, production and consumption had reached the first place in the world. In recent years, driven by the rapid development of the national economy, stone...
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's stone industry began to take off. After the reform and opening up, China's stone industry developed rapidly. By the 1990s, China's stone exports, production and consumption had reached the first place in the world. In recent years, driven by the rapid development of the national economy, the stone industry has worked hard to overcome the impact of the international financial crisis, and the volume of imports and exports has continued to grow. In 2010, the total volume and quantity of stone imports and exports in the country increased significantly compared with 2009, respectively, to 6.395 billion. The US dollar, 33.86 million tons, increased by 26.26% and 15.41% respectively compared with 2009. In 2011, China's stone import and export totaled 37.2 million tons, an increase of 9.5% year-on-year; the import and export volume totaled 7.6 billion US dollars, an increase of 18.0%. The continuous increase in the import and export volume of stone shows that China has a huge stone consumption market and a strong stone processing capacity, and China has become a world stone country in the true sense. However, with the rapid development of the stone industry, some problems in the processing of stone materials have gradually emerged. In the process of stone ore processing, the waste of resources is serious. The environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by the arbitrary discharge of stone waste seriously restrict the stone industry. sustainable development.
1. Problems in stone processing
China has abundant stone resources, but traditional production methods are still widely used in the mining and processing of stone resources. Processing technology and equipment are backward, which not only affects the production efficiency of stone materials, but also results in low yield of stone blocks and uneven product quality. Qi, and in the process of sawing and grinding, a large amount of scrap, sawdust and abrasive scraps, etc., directly lead to a serious waste of stone resources. In addition, many stone processing enterprises have not fully utilized the waste generated in the processing process, resulting in serious waste of resources. The discharge of stone processing wastewater has caused serious pollution to the surrounding water bodies. Any discharge of dust during the production process is on the body of the staff and surrounding people. It has caused great damage. Generally speaking, at present, the control of resources in China's stone industry is not strong enough, and the processing and production of stone has poor protection for the environment. Taking the road of resource conservation, environmental friendliness and sustainable development is the inevitable development of the stone industry, and it is also the most basic requirement put forward by the times. Efficient use of stone resources, upgrading of innovative stone processing technology, and reducing stone processing pollution are of great significance for the construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly society.
2. Efficient use of stone resources and energy saving measures
2.1 Improve the level of stone processing technology
The measure to reduce the consumption of stone resources during processing is to reduce the generation of stone waste. Most of the stone waste comes from the process of stone sawing and polishing. Apart from human factors, it is mainly determined by processing equipment and technology. Improved sawing methods and narrow sawing tools and high-precision polishing equipment are the ways for stone companies to effectively reduce the rate of blockage, increase productivity and increase economic efficiency. With the advent of new technologies, stone processing equipment has been continuously improved and the processing technology has been continuously improved. The appearance of sand saws, saws and combination saws has further advanced the processing technology of sheet metal, the production efficiency has been significantly improved, and the waste of resources has been effectively controlled. For example, in recent years, the successful development of ultra-thin and high-efficiency combined circular saw blades and the application of fully automatic continuous polishing machines have greatly improved the production efficiency, and the waste generated during the processing has also been greatly reduced. Another major measure to reduce stone consumption is to save on the use of stone materials. With the improvement of processing technology, stone products are becoming more and more thinner. Compared with traditional decorative stone boards, thin and ultra-thin stones save stone resources, save energy and protect the environment, and can greatly reduce the main load and reduce in practical applications. project costs. With the maturity of key technologies such as ultra-thin sectioning and constant thickness technology, automatic surface polishing and edging, the current thinest marble sheet can reach 2mm, the maximum size can be 1200mm×2400mm, and the thickness of granite sheet is the thinnest. 3mm, the size can be as large as 1200 mm × 1200 mm. A new type of stone decoration material made of ultra-thin stone and substrate - ultra-thin stone composite board.
After rapid development in recent years, the level of processing technology has been continuously improved, and the remarkable advantages of non-composite natural stone products such as light weight, high strength, environmentally friendly waste, and mineral resources conservation are gradually presented. For example, Nanjing University of Technology and Guangdong Yunfu Jinrui Stone Co., Ltd. jointly carried out research and development, using stone waste as the main raw material to develop a low-cost burn-free board that can be used as a stone composite board substrate, providing a production of stone composite board. A substrate with low cost and good performance. At the same time, the improved new production equipment and new bonding technology were used to research and develop the ultra-thin stone's breaking, thickening and composite technology, and finally developed a resource-saving ultra-thin stone composite board, and its finished stone panel. The thickness is only 2~3 mm.
2.2 Comprehensive utilization of stone waste
In order to reduce the loss of stone resources in the processing process, in addition to the use of new equipment and improve the level of processing technology, the most important thing is to research and develop the comprehensive utilization technology of stone waste, so that the stone waste resources, high value. At present, the main ways of comprehensive utilization of abandoned stone materials are: the use of stone scraps to produce stone mosaics, the use of waste stone materials, waste stone powder to produce synthetic synthetic stone and artificial shaped stone. In recent years, Nanjing University of Technology and related enterprises in Yunfu City of Guangdong Province have carried out close cooperation in production, education and research, and carried out a series of comprehensive research and development work on the waste stone powder and waste stone materials generated by the local area of ​​about 400,000 tons per year. For example, waste stone is used as the inorganic filler, unsaturated polyester resin is used as the binder, and an appropriate amount of pigment, curing initiator and other auxiliary agents are added, and the polyester artificial marble is obtained by solidification molding. The implementation of this technology can consume a large amount of waste stone materials, which not only provides a better way for stone enterprises to solve the problem of stone waste, but also realizes the efficient use of stone resources. Zhou Zhonghua et al. published a process for producing cement-based artificial stone using waste rock materials, and using waste stone instead of pigment to produce cement-based artificial stone, which not only solves the problem of uneven color, but also makes effective use of waste stone. Stone waste, waste rock powder, etc. can also be used to produce foundry sand, chemical product fillers, architectural paint coatings and waterproof materials. For example, Zeng Yuyao introduced the waste stone powder as the main raw material, and added the binder and additives to develop the stone-like coating. The production process is simple, the investment in production equipment is small, and the utilization rate of stone waste is high. In addition, adding appropriate cement and curing agent to the stone powder and gravel can be made into a new type of material by stirring and pressing the embryo. For example, the non-burning substrate for preparing the stone composite board by using the waste stone material and the waste stone powder is as described above. In addition, waste stone and waste rock powder are used in domestic coal, which not only can reduce the amount of coal used, but also can play the role of combustion and desulfurization, reduce the amount of harmful gases released by sulfur dioxide, and improve the air quality indoors and outdoors; Adding an appropriate amount of stone powder during manufacture can act as a slagging agent to prevent the weld pool and air from entering the arc. The waste stone slurry produced in stone processing can be used as a cement raw material after solid-liquid separation and drying, and can also be used as a filling material for producing paints, plastics, rubbers and the like.
2.3 Pollution prevention of stone dust and wastewater
In the process of stone processing, it is often accompanied by a large amount of dust and waste water. With the development of society, the environmental protection call for the stone processing industry is constantly improving. Improving the environment of stone factories, reducing dust and wastewater pollution is increasingly affected by stone processing enterprises. Pay attention to it. In the measures to prevent dust pollution, some stone enterprises use advanced dust-proof processing equipment, equipped with corresponding dust-collecting devices, and also organize technicians to research and improve production technology, innovative processing technology, and fundamentally reduce pollutant emissions. For example, in the process of conveying artificial stone granular materials, the open conveying environment is liable to cause a large amount of dust. Guangdong Yunfu Bailitong New Building Materials Co., Ltd. uses technology to innovate and use the air delivery technology and equipment that can ensure the transportation of stone pellets in a closed state and mature technology. The technicians are on several key technologies. The gas transmission system has been innovated, and finally solved the problem of polluted environment and waste of resources in the way of stone pellet transportation, while reducing production energy consumption and improving production efficiency.
Most stone processing enterprises use cutting machines to process stone plates. During the processing, water is used to cool the tools (abrasives), remove the grinding debris and clean the surface, and produce a large amount of industrial wastewater. Since the main pollutant of stone processing wastewater is solid suspended matter, in the technology of processing wastewater, flocculation, sedimentation and other treatment processes can be adopted, and the discharge of stone processing wastewater can be achieved and the plant area can be reused. For example, Zhang Yunfeng reported the use of flocculation sedimentation and filtration process to treat stone processing wastewater. Shanghai Feizhou Company introduced Italian BM technology and established a sewage treatment system for stone processing plants. It is applied to domestic stone processing enterprises, reducing dust pollution and improving the recycling of processing wastewater.
Tempered Glass is often used in applications where using standard glass could pose a potential danger. Tempered glass is stronger than standard glass and does not shatter into large shards when broken. This is important, because it can greatly minimize potential danger in the case of a break. Manufactured through a process of extreme heating and rapid cooling, tempered glass is much harder than normal glass.
Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards as plate glass (a.k.a. annealed glass) does. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.
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