Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by some molds on the substrate during growth and reproduction. Mold production is limited to a few strains of a few toxin-producing molds. Different molds produce the same mycotoxin, and a mold produces several mycotoxins.
Molds are classified into field molds and storage molds according to growth conditions. Field mold refers to wild strains such as Fusarium, Penicillium, and ergots. These molds are usually infected with grains during their growth. Warehousing mold mainly refers to the mold produced by the feed or raw materials during storage, and is mainly composed of Aspergillus.
Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus, and other Aspergillus, Actinomycetes, Fusarium and Penicillium can also produce aflatoxins. All animals were sensitive to aflatoxin, but the sensitivity of different animals varied widely. Piglets are most sensitive to livestock. Low concentrations of aflatoxin contamination result in decreased feed intake, reduced feed conversion, and immunosuppression of the body. The sow is fed a diet contaminated with aflatoxin, and the toxin is transmitted through breast milk, causing growth retardation or even death in the piglet. In addition, aflatoxins can interfere with the detoxification function of the liver and damage the immune system.
Ochratoxin
Ochratoxin is a toxin produced by Aspergillus oryzae, and is classified into two types, A and B. Ochratoxin A is more toxic, mainly affecting the kidneys and liver of pigs. Ochratoxin can cause depression, loss of appetite, weight loss, digestive disorders, enteritis, and even diarrhea, dehydration and polyuria, accompanied by proteinuria and diabetes. Abortion is often caused by uterine mucosal bleeding in pregnant dams. The pathological changes after poisoning are mainly kidneys, showing kidney hypertrophy, grayish white, uneven surface, vesicles, renal parenchymal necrosis, renal fibrosis interstitial fibrosis; proximal convoluted tubule function degeneration, renal tubular permeability is poor, The concentration capacity is reduced.
Vomiting toxin
The vomiting toxin belongs to the trichothecenes, and is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum and the like. The hazard is mainly caused by vomiting in pigs and reducing feed intake. Vomiting toxins are also a strong immunosuppressive agent that inhibits protein synthesis in pigs, affects fast-growing tissues such as skin and mucous membranes, and immune organs, reducing the resistance of the herd.
Zearalenone
Zearalenone (F2 toxin) is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is a mycotoxin with an estrogen-like effect. The clinical symptoms vary depending on the dose and age of the infection. The most influential part of zearalenone on pigs is the reproductive system. Lower concentrations can induce feminization, and higher concentrations can interfere with ovulation, conception, implantation, and embryo development. Can cause sham and vaginal prolapse or rectal prolapse in gilts or gilts. The toxin can cause miscarriage and stillbirth in pregnant sows, splayed legs and genital swelling in newborn piglets.
T-2 toxin
The T-2 toxin is produced by the genus Candida and can directly damage the skin and mucous membranes. The hazards to pigs are mainly anorexia, vomiting, growth stagnation, thinness, skin and mucosal necrosis, gastrointestinal disorders, reproductive and neurological dysfunction, and reduced immune function. In addition, it can affect protein synthesis by affecting the synthesis of DNA and RNA, blocking the initiation of translation, and T-2 toxin can cause thymus atrophy, intestinal lymphatic necrosis; destroy the integrity of skin mucosa. Inhibits the production of white blood cells and complement C3, thereby reducing the body's immune function.
Review of mycotoxin detection methods
Due to the ubiquity of toxin-producing molds and our inability to control most conditions that contribute to mold growth and mycotoxin production, the problem of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed has become a major problem that cannot be ignored in modern agricultural production. A variety of molds that grow on a variety of agricultural products. These molds produce mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds and some are even carcinogenic. There are many types of mycotoxins (CAST, 2003), including aflatoxins, mainly aflatoxins B1 and M1 (Aflatoxins, FB1, FM1); 棕 (Brown) Aspergillus toxin A (Ochratoxin A, OA); variegated (handle) Aspergillosis (Terigmatocystin); patulin (Patulin, PTL); Zearalenone (ZEN (F-2)); Moniliformin (MF), Trinitropropionic acid and Trichothecene T-2 toxin (T-2) of Trichothecenes; Deoxynivalenol (DON); Diacetoxyscirpenol (Diacetoxyscirpenol) DAS) and so on.
In a recent report, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization pointed out that at least 99 countries in the world, accounting for 87% of the world's population, have regulations on the prevention of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. In the coming years, the increase in meteorological events related to the changing global climate will further challenge us. Mycotoxin contamination has caused huge economic losses to food companies, grain and oil processing enterprises, livestock and poultry farms and feed processing enterprises.
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