The emergency response to chemical accidents requires high requirements, is difficult, and the organization is complex. Rescue also have a reconnaissance, decontamination, fire fighting, rescue, evacuation of personnel protection, communications and liaison, equipment protection and many other content. Therefore, the rescue headquarters must formulate an emergency rescue plan ( plan ) on the basis of a comprehensive investigation . This is also the premise and basis for the emergency rescue of chemical accidents.
I. Formulation of Emergency Response Plan for Chemical Accidents
1. Definition and purpose
(1) The definition of the preplan is based on the actual situation of anticipating future possible countermeasures for certain events. The emergency rescue plan is an action plan for protecting the safety of personnel and facilities in major accidents. It is called “emergency response plan†abroad. The emergency rescue plan is the basis for guiding rescue operations.
(2) The purpose of the emergency rescue plan is to minimize accident losses quickly and effectively. Whether or not the emergency measures can be effectively implemented depends to a large extent on the compliance with the actual situation and the adequacy of the preparation.
2. Requirements and basis
Once an accident occurs, the chemical emergency rescue plan is a guide for rescue operations. In order to ensure the accuracy of emergency operations, the rescue forces scattered in various systems and departments should be effectively organized according to the system, the potential threats of the chemical accidents of this enterprise unit and the actual situation of rescue forces in all aspects. As a result, the overall strength is formed so that a number of rescue sub-systems will form a total system of chemical rescue and maximize the overall rescue benefits.
The chemical rescue plan is a systematic project. It is strictly scientific and practical. The plan must carefully and carefully consider all the influencing factors in light of the actual situation, and be continuously supplemented, corrected, and improved through the practice tests of the drills.
(1) Basic requirements
1 According to the actual situation, according to the nature of the accident, type, the impact of the scope of serious consequences, etc. to develop a corresponding plan. In order to make the plan more targeted and able to apply quickly , it is generally necessary to work out different types of contingency plans. Such as fire type, explosion type, leak type and so on.
2 The different types of emergency plans for a system or unit must form a unified whole, and rescue forces must make overall arrangements.
3 It is necessary to formulate a plan in accordance with the actual conditions of the system and the unit. The emergency equipment should be based on the domestic and based on the local.
4 The preparatory plan formulated must be authoritative, and the responsibilities of emergency organizations at all levels must be clear and coordinated.
5 The plan must be approved by superiors before it can be implemented. Corresponding legal protection is required.
6 The plan should be conducted on a regular basis and reviewed, and it should be regularly checked and amended according to the actual situation.
7 The emergency team shall carry out professional training, and shall have training records and files. The emergency personnel shall pass the examination and confirm that they are qualified for the emergency task they are responsible for.
8 Each professional team must be established and equipped with appropriate equipment. Emergency equipment should be checked regularly to ensure that the equipment is in good condition.
(2) Basis for formulating the plan
1 It is necessary to determine that the plan is one of the basis for formulating the basis for the number and likelihood of major chemical accident hazard sources in this unit.
2 The preplan is based on the prediction results of the types of accidents that may occur, the nature of the accidents, the size of the impact scope, and the severity of the consequences, combined with the emergency measures formulated by the system and the actual conditions of the enterprise unit. It has a certain degree of practicality and practicality. To formulate a realistic plan, it must be based on accurate information, which generally includes the following:
• Authoritative emergency command organization system;
• Legislation documents and regulatory requirements regarding emergency relief;
• Investigate and prepare the relevant chart:
——City map: Including the division of administrative districts of the city, the location of government agencies and key units ( targets ) , topography, and landforms, and marking important features affecting meteorological parameters.
——City Traffic Map: Differentiate the width of the road and mark the passing capacity of traffic crossings, overpasses, etc.
- Urban water system and pipeline distribution map: Mark the water source, tap water pipeline and flow, sewer and drainage flow direction.
—— Key protection target distribution map: Mark out the target unit and coordinate position, product name, output, source strength and source height.
——Building condition map: According to the grid unit, the proportion of the structure, number of layers ( height ) , use, fire resistance rating, protection factor, and room distance of the building are marked .
—— Population figure: According to the unit of grid, the distribution of personnel at night, during the day, commuting to work and holidays, and the proportion of children under 15 years of age and the elderly, the sick and the disabled.
- General map of rescue capability: Mark the location of the emergency rescue command. According to the need to draw the strength map of each professional team, marked out the distribution of the unit, the number of professional and technical conditions, equipped with equipment.
——Monitoring and analysis of force distribution maps: Locations of distribution points, conditions of instruments and equipment, monitoring and testing capabilities, and personnel technical status.
- Meteorological data for three consecutive years: wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, temperature, monthly wind frequency, vertical stability of the atmosphere.
——Chemical Rescue Ability Survey Form: Such as protection ability, reconnaissance ability, initial rescue ability, firefighting ability, consequence disposal ability, evacuation ability, etc.
• Investigate the possibility of emergency equipment, equipment, supplies and supply guarantees in the event of an emergency.
• Select 2 to 3 evacuation settlements and field surveys of rest stops on the evacuation route.
3. Methods and Steps
The preparation of emergency rescue plans can generally be carried out in the following four steps.
(1) Investigation, research, and collection of information This is a very important first step in the preparation of a preliminary plan. It is the basis and prerequisite for the preparation of the plan, and the content of the plan is the same as the content of the basis.
(2) Comprehensive analysis, scientific assessment, assessment and evaluation are as follows
1 Analysis of chemical hazards. The name, location, type, quantity, distribution, output, reserves, degree of risk, past incidents, and precipitating factors of chemical accidents that mainly include toxic, hazardous, flammable, and explosive substances.
2 risk assessment. The assessment of the potential risk of chemical accident sources is based on a comprehensive investigation of the hazards, a comprehensive scientific assessment of the chemical accident potential risks of chemical companies, and scientific data for the determination of the risk level of the target unit.
3 analysis of rescue forces. The existing units, personnel, equipment, distribution characteristics, tasks that can be undertaken, and the ability to perform tasks that can be used to participate in the chemical accident emergency rescue team are analyzed, correctly valued, and reasonably used.
(3) It is a relatively complicated task to formulate a preparatory plan to be responsible for the division of labor . It is a relatively complicated task to organize the preparation of a preplan to involve all parties and departments. It is necessary to appoint a dedicated department to lead the organization and absorb relevant units to participate in joint preparation. .
(4) The preparatory plan shall be surveyed on the spot and repeatedly revised to make the preplan practical and feasible, especially for the specific action plan in the key target area. Before the drawing up, the experts and leaders of relevant departments and units shall be organized to conduct field surveys on site. Such as the surrounding area of ​​the key target areas, the environment, the location of the command post, the operational route of the unit, the deployment location, the evacuation road, and the evacuation area. After the preparation of the plan, the leaders and experts of the relevant departments and units shall be organized to make assessments so as to make the prepared plan clearer and more scientific and reasonable.
4. The main contents of the plan
(1) The main contents of the basic plan
1 situation judgment
——The situation and judgment of hazards: The number, distribution and potential threats of production of toxic and hazardous, inflammable and explosive dangerous goods units. The division of important target areas, the names of units, quantities, poison reserves, possible damage scopes and casualties in each important target area. The basis for the division of important target areas is mainly based on the results of hazardous source assessments, and there are more than one chemical plant ( bank ) group with a primary objective . One of the conditions is that there is more than one primary goal. Usually, this target poisonous material has many reserves, is highly toxic, and the surrounding population is dense, which can cause major social disasters. Second, there are several chemical plants ( banks ) of varying sizes , and it is a group. Once a major accident occurs, it may cause a chain reaction.
——Geographical Profile and Judgment: Including the number of people, area, topography, landforms, rivers, possible detention, and pollution in the city and district.
- Meteorological overview and judgment: Including the perennial wind direction, wind speed, temperature, rainfall, and possible impact of meteorological conditions on chemical accidents.
2 accident level
——Contents of accident levels: Define the plant-level accidents, district-level accidents, municipal-level accidents, special accidents, their respective target levels, toxic leakage, damage scope, loss level, division of responsibilities, and disposal methods.
- The basis for the classification of accidents: According to the target level, toxicity, leakage and damage range determined by the assessment results, it is divided into several types of accidents: plant-level accidents, district-level accidents, and municipal-level accidents.
3 tasks. The main contents of the tasks of the plant ( enterprise ) unit are as follows:
- Clearly manage the rescue organizations in all key objectives and the scope of responsibility in the event of an accident;
- Determine the composition and tasks of the factory ( enterprise ) rescue team. Clearly direct the scope and weight of rescue forces
Point protection goals, peacetime missions, command post location, etc.
4 various guarantees
- Communication security. Including wired, wireless, alarm, co-communication composition, tasks and related letters, signs requirements. The letter and sign regulations stipulate such provisions as the alarm phone, the emergency evacuation alarm, the boundary mark of the affected area, and the signs of rescue personnel and vehicles.
- Transportation security. Including number, quantity, mission requirements, etc.
- Engineering protection. Including number, quantity, mission requirements, etc.
- Security protection. Including the division of number, task division, and focus warning area.
- Material protection. Including the number, the number of various items in the reserve and guarantee requirements.
5 requirements
- The requirements for the preparation of the plan and the implementation of the plan. That is, based on its potential threats and existing rescue forces, the unit has formulated basic plans and rescue plans for key target areas, and has carried out various tasks according to the specific requirements of the plan. - Requirements for command and rescue teams in peacetime emergency training. That is, commanders and rescue teams conduct training according to the tasks they undertake. On the one hand, it is familiar with the situation in the target area; on the other hand, it is necessary to carry out simulation training to improve the command ability and rescue level of the commanding organ and the unit.
Second, important target area rescue plan
The rescue plan for important target areas is a substantive and concrete action plan. It is the basis for each team to implement the rescue. This type of plan mainly has the following five aspects.
1. accident anticipation
Accident expectation is a precondition for the preparation of a rescue plan for the target area. The main contents include:
- An overview of the hazards in the important target areas, the name of the target ( unit ) with the greatest potential threat , and the main stock of toxic and hazardous substances.
- Assessment of the level of potential threats.
- Analysis of the factors that caused the accident.
——Determination of wind direction, wind speed, temperature, rain ( snow ) volume in each season and possible impact of meteorological conditions on chemical accidents.
- Establish a database based on survey data to predict hazards:
Full dose distribution;
Hazard depth under three standards ( serious hazard, moderate hazard, mild hazard ) ;
Hazardous area and number of injuries under three dose standards.
2. Rescue determination
It mainly explains the guiding ideology of the rescue commander, the means adopted and the purpose achieved.
3. Task differentiation
Generally in accordance with the plant rescue, rescue community and municipal reserves rescue three levels one by one unit (team) discrimination task. When distinguishing tasks, the more specific, the clearer, the more practical the better.
--main content
Determine the name, maneuvering route, area, rescue target and mission of each rescue unit; clarify the location of the command post.
- related instructions
Plant rescue is mainly the accident of the factory itself. The main task is to cut off the source of the virus, stop the proliferation, and rescue the factory's personnel; the community relief is mainly the rescue of the community headquarters, and all the forces in the region should be concentrated on the rescue. The scope of the rescue is mainly plant-based; the city's reserve unit rescue, mainly It was dispatched city reserve squad. In addition to the scope of its tasks, professional and technical personnel to the factory area, the main force should be based on external rescue.
4. Population evacuation
- The timing of evacuation;
- The scope of evacuation;
- evacuated areas;
- the route of mobility;
- Evacuation methods and safeguards;
- Organization and command.
The choice of evacuation area should be considered:
- in the upwind direction of the accident source;
- outside the scope of poisonous gas diffusion;
- Easy to maneuver;
- Can accommodate the evacuated population.
5. Organization and command
- The composition of the command organization;
--task;
- Permissions;
--position;
- The timing of the command post.
Related requirements:
- The commanding position should be chosen in the direction of the upward flow of poisonous gas diffusion and facilitate the commanding position;
- The composition of the command post personnel should be the members of the system, the factory ( enterprise ) headquarters, and the commander's representatives of the professional teams. Each representative should carry command and communication tools, be able to accept the command of the command, and implement effective command of his team.
6. Various charts
(1) The main contents of the basic rescue plan
- Distribution of important targets;
- Configuration of rescue forces;
——Location of civil defense and related departments and units in cities and districts;
- Wired and wireless networking in the city and district target areas.
(2) Main contents of emergency rescue plan for important target areas
- the scope and mode of proliferation of hazards;
- The maneuver and deployment positions of the rescue teams;
- Direction and area of ​​population evacuation;
- The position of command posts at all levels.
(3) Various other schedules
- Rescue command sequence table. Mainly reflect the number and command relationship of the system, plant ( enterprise ) headquarters and professional teams.
- Source of dangerous goods table. The main contents include the unit name, detailed address, contact telephone number, product name, output, daily reserve, grade division, and surrounding population density.
- A rescue force situation table. It mainly includes the unit name, detailed address, contact telephone number, number of people, equipment and equipment name, quantity, technical performance, number of equipment vehicles, rescue capability, and protection capability.
Third, the chemical accident emergency rescue plan exercises
1. The purpose of the exercise
The purpose of the exercise is to verify the feasibility of the plan and to comply with the actual situation.
1 Through drills, you can check the suitability of professional teams for possible emergencies and their mutual support and coordination.
2Test emergency response capabilities of emergency rescue headquarters. This includes organization and command, rescue capabilities of professional teams, and people's ability to respond to emergencies.
3 Through exercises, it can be confirmed that the emergency rescue plan is feasible, so as to enhance the confidence in undertaking the emergency rescue task. For each member, it is a comprehensive emergency rescue exercise, through which practice can improve the technical and operational capabilities.
4 Through the exercise, the problems existing in the plan can be discovered, and actual data for correcting the plan can be provided. In particular, through comments and summaries after the drills, it is possible to expose problems that have not been considered in the plan and to identify corrective suggestions. This is an important step in improving the quality of the plan.
2. Exercise classification and content
(1) Classification of chemical accidents Emergency rescue exercises can generally be divided into two types: indoor exercises and live exercises. Indoor exercises are also called organization and command exercises. It is focused on the nature of research. It is mainly composed of the leadership of the headquarters and the command system of command, communications, chemical defense, and rescue team leaders. Under the unified leadership of functional organs and departments at all levels, according to certain purposes and requirements, the rescue forces at all levels will be organized in the form of indoor organization and command to implement emergency rescue missions and provide effective guidance to endangered residents. The scale of indoor exercises and the requirements for grasping tasks can be comprehensive, or it can be a single project exercise or a joint project exercise. Local exercises, accidents, are intended for field exercises. According to their task requirements and scale, they can be divided into individual training, partial exercises and comprehensive exercises.
1 single training. It is the basic operation for the targeted completion of a single subject in an emergency rescue mission. Such as individual protection training, air monitoring training, communication training and so on, a single course of training, it is a partial exercise, is an integral component of a comprehensive comprehensive exercise, but also the basis of partial exercises, comprehensive exercises. Under normal circumstances, only by doing a good job of individual training can we successfully conduct the next exercise. Due to the individual training, the time can be flexibly controlled.
2 part exercises. Part of the exercise is the basic work performed to examine the degree of coordination between a certain course in the emergency rescue mission, the preparation of a certain part of the emergency response unit, and the emergency unit.
(2) Basic requirements and contents of the drill
1 basic requirements. The emergency response plan for chemical accidents is a complex system project. In order to get the expected results of the exercises, the plan for the exercises must be meticulous and detailed, and the emergency rescue forces at all levels and the equipment that should be equipped should form a unified whole.
2 The basic content of the exercise is based on the task requirements and scale of the exercise. Generally, the following aspects should be considered:
The exercises are chronological and logical;
The degree of mutual support, coordination and coordination among the exercises units;
Factory production system operation;
In-plant emergency scenarios;
In-plant emergency rescue;
First aid and medical care;
Decontamination in the factory;
Poisonous air monitoring and testing;
Accident area inventory and personnel control;
Protection instructions, including personal protection of professionals and residents' protection against toxic gases;
Communication and alarm signal contact;
The layout of various signs and changes in the deployment of points due to changes in the hazardous area;
Traffic control and traffic crossing management;
Security work;
Political advocacy work;
The evacuation of residents and irrelevant personnel and the contents of the exercise concerning the evacuation;
Scrubbing and decontamination of wastewater in the protected area and investigation of the pollution of the upper and lower water sources;
The aftermath of the accident, including the disinfection of air appliances in the houses of the protected area;
At that time, the local meteorological conditions and the topography and features of the ground and the impact on the degree of harm caused by chemical accidents;
Report to the superior and inform the neighboring units of the situation;
The main points of each professional team
Summary of required exercises.
The above content is only a general case, and the above content should be added or subtracted according to the task of the exercise.
3. Staff composition
Regardless of the size of the exercises, there are generally two components: First, the emergency rescuers of chemical accidents account for the vast majority of exercisers. Every professional team member from the commander to participating in the emergency rescue should be an incumbent, who may be directly related to accident and chemical accident emergency rescue. On the other hand, the personnel are assessment appraisers. They should be experts in emergency rescue of chemical accidents, and an evaluation team should divide the evaluation of each procedure of the exercise and perform the evaluation and summary together with the drillers after the exercise.
For different drills, the person who is the main task is best to assume multiple roles, so that more people can get actual exercise.
4. Want to set
(1) The setting of the situation and the setting of the content are determined according to the purpose of the exercise, that is, the purpose of dividing the purpose to be achieved into an exercise is converted into an exercise mode, which is completed through gradual inspection and assessment of the exercise. Therefore, how to organically integrate these items to be checked into a simulated accident is the first step in setting the situation. In order to make the situation setting realistic and can be checked separately, the following aspects should be considered when setting.
1 The accident level is set by the task, and the detailed description is based on the accident level. Part of the exercise is generally a simple event description. For example, an off-site emergency monitoring exercise only needs to set air pollution conditions suitable for this. The comprehensive exercise is not only about setting up air pollution, but also the detailed description of each lesson.
2 The sequence of exercises should emphasize timeliness and the order of the exercises should be logical.
3 The data settings of the relevant conditions are in line with the actual situation. During the exercise, the measured data must be determined from actual combat.
4 The uniformed signals, signs and instructions should be unified so that each driller can immediately understand the speedy execution.
5 The criteria for the items to be inspected and the content of assessments are clear and easy to score and evaluate.
6 Exercise simulation conditions should have a certain degree of breadth, so that each emergency rescue professional team has his own flexibility.
(2) Accident description The occurrence of an accident has its own potential unsafe factors. It is triggered by a certain thing under certain conditions, or, more seriously, it causes a chain effect to cause a bigger and more serious accident. Or compound, this should be briefly described. The level of detail of the description enables participants in the drill to perform chemical emergency rescue missions and corresponding protective actions based on this description; personnel of the assessment team can evaluate the drill based on the description. If the appraisal personnel needs to conduct further assessment of the individual plots to the performers, and this scenario has no effect on the entire exercise, the plot may not need to be included in the overall description, and the appraisers may provide a separate description of the details of the accident and send it to the relevant person. Drills.
The description of a general accident should have the following content:
1 Parts of the accident and abnormal conditions.
2 leakage range.
3Demonstration of poisons, monitoring drills, and marking hazards and scope of influence.
4 disinfection and decontamination treatment.
5 First aid, ambulance exercises.
6 Communication, alarm drill ( set different conditions, normal conditions, communication failures ) .
7 Traffic Control Exercises.
8 Public Security Work. __
9 Protective education and publicity work.
10 accident control, aftercare work.
(11) In- plant exercises should also include rescue and repair exercises (
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