Genetically modified foods have attracted much attention. The list of genetically modified foods circulating on the Internet is not reliable. Are some of the so-called "identification methods for genetically modified crops" correct? What are the GM crops officially approved by the state for production or import? On these issues, a reporter from the People's Daily “Proofing†column interviewed the Ministry of Agriculture and experts and scholars.
What are the genetically modified crops in China?
[Response] Cotton, rice, corn and papaya have been approved for safety certification; only cotton and papaya are approved for commercial cultivation.
“As of now, China has approved GM production and application safety certificates and there are cotton, rice, corn and papaya within the valid period.†Xie Jiajian, associate researcher at the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, introduced that the issuance of certificates is based on the application of R&D personnel and The review of the Agricultural Genetically Modified Organism Safety Committee was approved after the discussion at the Joint Meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture. The approval information of the certificate has been published on the relevant website of the Ministry of Agriculture (http://) and the approval status of each batch can be queried.
A safety certificate for genetically modified production was obtained and it cannot be commercialized immediately. According to Xie Jiajian, in accordance with the requirements of the "Seed Law of the People's Republic of China," genetically modified crops still need to obtain certification certificates, production licenses, and operating licenses before they can enter commercial cultivation.
According to the “Approval Methods for Major Crop Varieties,†the application for a variety certification certificate should meet the following conditions: artificial breeding or discovery and improvement; there is a clear difference from existing species; genetic traits are stable; morphological characteristics and biological characteristics are consistent; Names of Agricultural Plant Varieties Naming Regulations. The approval of production licenses and the examination and approval of business licenses are subject to review by the provincial-level agricultural administrative department where the enterprise is registered.
“At present, genetically modified rice and genetically modified corn have not yet been approved by the Seed Law regulations and are not commercialized.†Xie Jiajian said, “The only genetically modified crops that have been commercially grown in China are cotton and papaya.â€
The GM crops approved by China for use as raw materials for processing include soybeans, corn, canola, cotton and sugar beets. These foods must obtain our country's safety certificate.
It is understood that China has formulated the Measures for the Administration of Import Safety of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, the Measures for the Examination and Approval of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, the Administrative Measures for the Inspection and Quarantine of Entry-Exit Genetically Modified Products, and the Administrative Measures for the Labeling of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms. The agricultural department of the local government is responsible for the supervision and management of genetically modified organisms. The State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) is responsible for the inspection and verification of imported agricultural genetically modified organisms at the port. According to reports, these management systems have been well implemented and the logos have fulfilled their targets.
Is it genetically different from traditional food?
[Response] Currently, commercially available cherry tomatoes, peppers, pumpkins, and cucumbers are not genetically modified foods.
A list of genetically modified foods is circulated on the Internet, including "Cherry Fruit, Big Pepper, Small Pumpkin, Gherkin". This expert does not agree.
Wang Zhixing, a researcher at the Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that small tomatoes, also known as cherry tomatoes and cherry tomatoes, are tomato varieties that have existed since ancient times. They were only small in size, inconvenient for picking, and low in yield. They were used only as ornamentals and were later found to be convenient for consumption. After the taste has been improved, it becomes popular. Small size is a natural genetic difference, not the result of genetic modification.
Wu Gang, an associate researcher at the Institute of Petroleum Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that the cherry tomatoes are closer to the wild state before artificial domestication. In fact, wild chestnuts, walnuts, and apples are also much smaller than conventional cultivars. Human domestication of wild plants is generally aimed at increasing yields. The main approach is to increase the size of fruits. However, with the diversification of people's demands for food, there have been many small-sized fruits and vegetables, such as red jade watermelon in early Spring. These miniaturized species are all derived from germplasm resources with ancestral primitive genes and have nothing to do with transgenes.
Wu Gang said that small pumpkins and gherkins are not genetically modified foods. They are just not fully ripe pumpkins and cucumbers. If you continue to grow in the field, small pumpkins and gherkins will eventually grow into ordinary large pumpkins and old cucumbers.
Regarding the big color pepper, Wu Gang said that the big color peppers contain different types of anthocyanins and they appear as richer colors. The variation of anthocyanins is common in plants. There are different colors for the same variety of flowers, such as carrots, green radishes and white radishes. “China has approved commercial planting of anti-virus sweet peppers, but compared with conventional sweet peppers, there is no obvious advantage in genetically modified sweet peppers, so it is naturally eliminated by the market.â€
Wu Gang said that in some breeds, the color produced by the mutation even replaced the wild color and became the mainstream of the cultivars. For example, the original carrot is mostly purple, and the most common orange carrot is now selected by Dutch breeders based on the color of the Dutch flag. of. Therefore, the color of fruits and vegetables currently on the market has nothing to do with genetic modification.
Wang Zhixing explained that cotton, pepper, corn, and rice have different colors and are naturally occurring genetic differences. It is not the result of genetic transformation. Color cotton, for example, has been around since ancient times. However, due to the short color and poor strength of colored cotton fiber, it was rarely planted in the past. Now, because no dyeing has attracted some consumers, farmers have begun planting. Colored peppers are also naturally occurring, but they have not been planted in large areas in the past and are rarely seen by ordinary consumers.
Wu Gang said that these fruits and vegetables are very easy to do with conventional breeding methods, but using genetically modified organisms is not economical. “The conventional breeding is mainly through breeding to obtain new varieties with new traits. One of the most important jobs in this area is 'election.' Naturally occurring genetic mutations are often randomly occurring,†Wu Gang explained. “Regardless of size, color, It can be found in nature's natural mutants. The breeding farmer's job is simply to find these mutants and to aggregate them together with other good traits."
According to Wu Gang, tomatoes, bell peppers, pumpkins, and cucumbers have been genetically modified at home and abroad, and transgenic plants have been obtained, of which only tomatoes and sweet peppers have been approved for commercial planting worldwide. The countries that have commercialized GMOs include the United States (6 species), Mexico (3 species), Japan (1 species), and China (1 species, "Huafan 1").
Wu Gang explained that there was no delay in the ripening of tomatoes. The long shelf life of transgenic ripened tomatoes was an advantage. However, with the development of science and technology, breeders have obtained non-transgenic ripening tomatoes. The advantage of storage of transgenic tomatoes is no longer. The low yield has become a big problem. Because the skin has a bad taste, it is directly eliminated by the market.
“Since 1998, no new GM tomatoes have been approved for commercial cultivation in the world. In China, GM tomatoes have already exited the market,†said Wu Gang.
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